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學英語克服職場中年危機,難?掌握9個技巧,考級升職加薪

2019-08-20 14:16
來源:澎湃新聞·澎湃號·湃客
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如今早已不能一門手藝吃遍天下,現在工作壓力也比較大了——職場中年危機,沒有一份高收入的工作錢根本不夠花,有些職場人士就考試瞄向了雅思托福考試,希望通過自己的努力在職場中多一份籌碼,讓自己的工資翻兩番。

小宋今年26歲,畢業兩年,是某教育行業外企,面試都是英文的,后來被要求考了一次托福,現在每天晚上和外教聊1小時。工作第二年漲了工資,換了個崗位。提升英語是克服職場危機、提高事業后勁兒的重要途徑,所以今天職場君給大家帶來了托福學習的干貨——

托福閱讀出題分析

ETS考試中心在設計出題的過程中,先會確定該考試的目的以及所要測試的語言能力。出題官會根據考察目的來出題。而托福考試的閱讀部分是為將來學生進入到本科以及研究生學習中能夠看懂英文教科書和學術論文而做的測試,因此ETS把托福閱讀部分定義為學術閱讀。這也是美國大學會采納托福考試成績作為錄取標準的重要原因。

因為該考試說明考試達標的學生具有在校看文章,跟老師同學交流,聽課以及寫論文的能力。托福考試是能力導向型考試而非死記硬背型的考試,這是大家在備考中需要注意的。知道考官如何設置出題,才能從整體上把握托福,而不是瞎子摸象式的憑感覺備考。

在閱讀部分ETS主要考察以下學術閱讀能力。

學術閱讀有三個主要目的,而ETS考試根據這三個閱讀目的來設置要考察的能力。

閱讀以查找信息:有效掃讀文本中的關鍵事實和重要信息,有一定的閱讀流暢性和速度。

理解文章大意:理解一篇文章的中心想法、大概內容、主題或主要觀點、要點、重要事實和細節,并能認識到一篇文章的組織和目的。

理解作者的寫作意圖:能夠理解作者寫的各段落之間的聯系。在閱讀過程中能夠將信息組織成類別圖表或重點記錄,以便回憶主要觀點和重要細節。

在托福閱讀文章中,考官設計出題的出題點有以下幾種。

1 引號后面的內容。

2 例證 (概述+for example等指示詞+例子)。

3 轉折詞: nevertheless, rather than, but, on the other hand, in fact, indeed, actually, practically,virtually。

4 出現解釋定義的情況:

a. that is 插入語 b. 同位語:加在兩逗號間并對第一個逗號之前的句子進行解說明

c. 破折號后面的內容 d. 平行結構(如and連接的)

5 比較級,最高級。

6 因果邏輯關系出現時。

推薦的托福閱讀做題方法:

1 在模考中先閱讀每段首句、結尾段的首句加末尾句。然后開始做題。

2 每道題先讀屏幕左邊的題目,快速瀏覽選項。句意轉換、總結題、詞匯題不需要看題。然后與原文快速定位。

3 邊讀邊總結每段大意,平時訓練時注意,這樣可以快速做好最后的總結題。

4 每篇閱讀應該留3-4分鐘做最后的總結題。

新托福閱讀題型講解

在講解具體題型之前,先來說說托福文章標題的秘密。 托福閱讀做題的第一個步驟是看標題,而不是直接看第一句話。

1. 看題目知道兩個重要信息:文章的科目和文章結構

2. 標題類型:

1 A,一個名詞,比如Groundwater。

全文解釋說明一個名詞。

第一段:背景、定義。

第二段:發祥或者發展。

第三段以后:具體特點。

2 A of B,名詞詞組。

比如 The Long-term Stability of Ecosystems。

重點是 long-term stability

范圍是 Ecosystems

文章邏輯與一個名詞的題目接近。

3 A and B,對比比較類。

最后一題極有可能是table題,分別選擇A和B的特點。

重點在于A和B的不同點以及兩者之間的關系。

第一段: A和B的背景、定義、關系。

第二段:重點講相同點和不同點。

第三段以后:具體對比。

托福閱讀的所有題型

按照ETS出題的方式分為十種題型,兩大類。

第一類為基礎信息以及內容判斷題( Basic Information and Inferencing questions),每篇11-13題。

這種出題類型具體包括:

1 事實細節題 Factual Information questions(每篇3-6題)

2 否定事實細節題 Negative Factual Information questions(每篇0-2題)

3 推斷題 Inference questions(每篇0-2題)

4 修辭目的題(每篇0-2題)

5 詞匯題(每篇3-5題)

6 指代題 Reference questions(每篇0-2題)

7 句子簡化題 Sentence Simplification questions(每篇0-1題)

8 句子插入題 Insert Text question(每篇1題)

第二大類為閱讀學習題( Reading to Learn questions),每篇1題。

這類型題目包括:

1 總結題 Prose Summary(每篇0-1題)

2 表格題 Fill in a Table(每篇0-1題)

托福閱讀具體題型分析

1. 事實細節題

解題方法:原文定位

邏輯取非:具體講解此種邏輯分析方法,無論是在托福閱讀還是GRE閱讀中都十分有用。

取非思路: e.g: However, unlike the case of beaver and pinnipeds, it is not easy to envision what

the first whales looked like.

例:然而,與其他海貍和鰭腳類不同的是,要去想象第一頭鯨是什么樣子并不容易。

托福使用這個句子提問該句子能推斷出什么信息。

其實我們就要換一個思路來看這句話,有時間翻譯出來的話,會很清晰。但是在考場上要追

求速度的話,我們就可以從Unlike這個否定詞來突破,句中Unlike beaver和pinnipeds,想象第一只

鯨長什么樣是不容易的,也就是說想象B和P長什么樣是很容易的。

答案: It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

提高方法:練習定位速度,可在平時練習時,快速列出文章每段提綱。復習語法中雙重否定

的用法,熟悉常用的否定詞以及一些可以表示否定的其他詞性的詞匯。

例題:

It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blow- hole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, be- tween land mammals and cetaceans.

In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blow- hole in cetaceans?

A. It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.

B. It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.

C. It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.

D. It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.

答案解析:

答案B。根據段落中的原文信息提取:“blowholes cannot disguise cetaceans' affinities with other mammals”,同意轉換為選項中“It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.”答案A、 C、D與原文不符。

2. 否定事實細節題

解題方法:判斷要except掉的對象,在對應段落中定位,一定要逐條檢查。

通常出現在分步驟用長句描述一個對象,或兩事物類比時。

提高方法:長句的快速閱讀,找關鍵詞定位,以及轉述原句的能力,因為答案可能會把原文

改寫后出現。

錯誤答案的特征: 1. 部分正確; 2. 過于籠統; 3. 超出了問題范圍; 4. 文中沒有提及。

解題方法:著重看表示目的的詞匯來推測。

常見的表目的的詞匯: argue, classify, compare, contrast, criticize, define, describe, emphasize,explain identify, illustrate, introduce, persuade, point out, praise, predict, prove, summarize, support,trace, warn.

寫作目的往往與文章主題密切相關,先讀考點在原文中所處的句子,再讀其前一句話,這句話的意思往往是考點在原文中要說明的問題。

提高方法:在做完題目后分析原句并翻譯, 將錯誤選項進行對比。

例題:

The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-Day Mexico City,began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center,a massive number of religious edifices, and a regular pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of his great metropolis.

Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico).

In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between

A.D. 150 and 700 EXCEPT

A. regularly arranged streets

B. administrative centers spread across the city

C. many manufacturing workshops

D. apartment complexes

答案解析:

答案B。根據原文中:“It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number

of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a massive number of religious edifices, and a regular

pattern of streets and buildings.”對應選項A、 C、 D,因此排除B選項。

3. 修辭目的題

解題方法:修辭目的是了解作者寫句子或者寫段落的目的。通常作者在學術寫作中(托福的

閱讀都來自教科書或者學術類雜志)表達自己的意思時會有以下目的。

a. 舉例支持自己的理由

b. 解釋說明自己的觀點

c. 強調自己的立場

d. 引出下文

在具體文章中還有別的意圖,但思考的大方向是句子在文章中所擔起的作用。

提高方法:做完題目之后回看文章,專項練習判斷句子與句子之間的關系。

例題(例題來自官方指南):

An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam” ) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.

Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?

A. Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.

B. The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.

C. The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.

D. Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.

題目解析:

答案B。

本段解釋“The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs.”這一發現的重要性,因此與B選項中的“important information”相符合。

4. 詞匯題

解題方法:當然詞匯量大的同學不存在對詞匯題的困擾。如果認識選項中的單詞則應當毫不猶豫地選出答案以節約做題時間。遇到不確定或者不熟的詞匯可以從句中的同位語解釋,或者名詞性從句中的解釋部分來判斷,并且注意句中詞組的相互關系,邏輯關系。

在句中表示解釋的語法標志有“or”并列部分的解釋, be動詞之后的解釋,“for example”舉例解釋等。以及單詞本身的結構,也就是表示肯定或否定的前綴和后綴。

例題:

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. explained

B. visible

C. identified

D. located

題目解析:

exposed

adj. 暴露的,無掩蔽的。

v. 暴露,揭露( expose的過去分詞)。

在知道單詞意思以后可以直接選出B。

visible

adj. 明顯的;看得見的;可得到的;現有的。

n. 可見物;進出口貿易中的有形項目。

如果單詞沒有看懂可以看這個句子的意思:在特提斯海留下的沉積物中發現了Basilosaurus,現在暴露在撒哈拉沙漠中。

5. 指代題

解題方法:該題型考察語法知識和語意理解。語法指代比如提問“this”“it”指代的是句子中哪部分內容,需要判斷句子結構,快速定位句子中的主語、謂語和賓語。語意理解,比如問某一個詞在原句中指代是什么部分,則需要理解句意。

提高方法:專項記憶閱讀詞匯,尤其是歷年考過的閱讀詞匯題的集合材料。對語法中同位語從句,名詞性從句的部分進行復習。

例題:

The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

The word It in the passage refers to

A. Pakicetus

B. fish

C. life

D. ocean

題目解析:

答案A。

“It probably bred and gave birth on land.”句子中可以看出it 這個東西是個有生命的具體生物,還要在陸地上“give birth”,因此只有A符合。

6. 句子簡化題

句子簡化題也叫句意轉化題,是錯誤率比較高的一道題。實際上是用另一種方式表達與原文相同的意思。通常會使用不同的結構或者同義詞和同義詞組來進行變化。在分析原句和正確選項的時候往往會發現它們的內容是一一對應的。

e.g. many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood.

正確選項: many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction.

提高方法:復習語法中同位語從句和名詞性從句的章節。并把托福閱讀當中的所有句子簡化題收集起來作為模仿練習的樣本。 ETS的每一套托福試題都是花費了很大的人力財力的,而其中的句子簡化均是一整組老師精心編寫出來的,非常值得學習。

例題:

An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam” ) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

B. The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

C. Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modernwhales.

D. By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different wayfrom the way Ambulocetus swam.

題目解析:

答案 C。

提問句:( The structure of the backbone) shows, however, that( Ambulocetus swam like modern whales) by( moving the rear portion of its body up and down) , ( even though a fluke was missing.) The large ( hind legs) were ( used for propulsion) in water.

根據括號內的意群劃分且調整句子語序( even though a fluke was missing)( The structure of the backbone) shows, however, that ( Ambulocetus swam like modern whales) by( moving the rear portion of its body up and down),就是答案C 中的句子 Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

7. 句子插入題

插入類型

解題方法:根據句首詞組判斷段與段或句子與句子之間的關系,根據以下邏輯關系及信號詞進行判斷。

提高方法:收集并記憶表達邏輯關系的副詞以及連詞。在看段落和寫段落時有意識地注意句與句之間的段落關系。

例題:

Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■ Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. ■ Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■ In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.“This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.” Where would the sentence best fit?

題目解析:答案插在第二個空格。需要插入句子有“問題”一詞,因此應該靠近一個問題的位置插入語。所以應該插在How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? 這個問題之后。

8. 總結題 Prose Summary (每篇0-1題)

在比較耗時的總結題中,解題的關鍵是要在閱讀的過程中就要注意每段的大意,只有在心里有清晰的文章主線,才有望拿到閱讀的高分或滿分。最佳方法應該是在一開始讀的時候就對每一段的段落大意有總結意識。如果時間實在有限,則關注每一段的第一句話(段落目的句)和最后一句話(段落總結句)。

例題:

請先看全文(蘑菇把全文中的邏輯關鍵為大家梳理出來,請大家在做完題目后,模仿這一分析方法,分析自己做過的文章。這樣更利于梳理思路,提高之后的做題順暢度以及正確率)。范文來自ETS 托福線上模考題。

Eearly Cinema

The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until(關鍵詞,容易出反推類型的題目。說明peepshow之前影院并不是屬于大眾消費的。) its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison' s peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894.(講述如何進入大眾視野。) It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight) (機器使用的原理。)

第一段講述電影發展進入大眾消費的起源背景以及關鍵設備Kinetoscope。

These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscope(for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.(愛迪生抗拒繼續發展這項技術的原因。)

第二段講新技術的使用使得機器使用成本大大降低,因此發明者愛迪生不愿意推廣該技術。Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits(經營者的想法) , which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor

in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins,and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. (哪些人精進了這項技術) These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as "Edison's latest marvel, the Vitascope". (愛迪生開始推廣從別人那里采用的技術。)

第三段講商人們進行了新技術的發展和優化,在技術普及后,愛迪生也開始推廣從別人那里

采用的技術。

With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption (早期電影成為大眾消費品) . Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program. (電影與其他現場表演的區別)

第四段講在有放映技術以后這一行業的發展,以及電影與其他現場表演的區別。

Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies(觀眾真正想要的是什么) : the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street, and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.

第五段講有了電影后,觀眾們到劇院期待的是電影本身,而不是與之結合的其他表演形式。

With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private(電影帶來的改變) , as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.(兩個機器的相似點) It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet. (視覺上的發展)

最后一段寫兩種機器的發展對于電影發展的影響。

看完文章之后,來看文章的最后一題,總結題。

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

a. The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen.*(全文的主旨,投放技術讓電影成為大眾消費。)

b. Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.*(第一段主旨)

c. Once film images could be projected, the cinema became form of mass consumption.(第一段,以及全文主旨)

d. Kinetoscope parlors for viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors.(第二段的細節,并非段意)

e. Thomas Edison's design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.(第三段并沒說明是EDISON的發明激勵大屏幕投影,是商人追求利益促成的。)

f. Slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to audiences of hundreds of spectators.(第四段的細節錯誤, slide只是眾多娛樂形式中的一種。)

9. 表格題 Fill in a Table (每篇0-1題)

表格題與前面的總結題做題方式有些接近。 但是表格題主要是對比文章中兩個對象的所有特點。因此關鍵不是每一段段落大意,而是文章中對比的兩個事物各自的特點。比如文章中講述的是孢子植物和被子植物,那么表格題就是要分別列出這兩種植物的特點。需要在具體描述這兩種植物特點的段落中尋找關鍵句子對應答案。

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